The Marimba holds a significant place within Zimbabwe's rich musical heritage and cultural identity, serving as an integral instrument throughout its history. Derived from traditional African folk instruments used by diverse ethnic groups prior to the era of colonization, the Marimba is a percussive wooden xylophone played with rubber mallets. Its origins can be traced back to Africa, while its modern design can be attributed to Manuel Bolan Cruz, who, in 1850, extended the legs of the instrument to allow for standing performance and added wooden resonators to the keyboard. With deep roots in African soil, the Marimba has long been esteemed in ceremonial and social traditions, transcending generations. A prominent figure associated with the Marimba is Queen Marimba, a revered folk hero whose legendary achievements have become an integral part of African folklore. Respected as a divine figure across various African cultures, she held a prominent role as a leader of the Akamba tribe in East Africa during ancient times, guiding them across the Ukambani plains in present-day Kenya and the Kilimanjaro plains in present-day Tanzania.
According to Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa's book, "Indaba My Children," Queen Marimba is believed to be the mother of the Akamba people, who were establishing connections with their Maasai neighbors. Emphasizing her association with music, she is credited with teaching people the art of singing and is attributed with the creation of various instrument families. Notably, these include the ngoma (drum), marimba (xylophone), kalimba (lamellaphone ), makweyana or musical bow, and the mukimbe, a hand xylophone or raft zither.
Within the borders of Zimbabwe, a multitude of ethnic groups, such as the Barwe, Manyungwe, Hwesa, Buja, Korekore, Machikunda, Sena, Venda, and Tsonga peoples, each developed their own versions of resonant wooden instruments akin to the marimba, albeit with distinct local names. Valimba, Silimba, Mbilamutondo, and the nearly extinct Dimbila are notable examples of these instruments, which played crucial roles in traditional music and held significant importance in community gatherings. Crafted meticulously from wood, leather, and string, these early marimbas were skillfully performed by ensembles and accompanied diverse dances and ceremonies, lending a resounding and culturally significant ambiance to the events. "Noteworthy among them is the Dimbila, considered the most intricate and the most complex marimba to play, especially for solos or leads", that’s according to ethnomusicologist Othnell Mangoma Moyo.
The Instrument:
Zimbabwe, marimba is performed as an integral part of the country's traditional music and cultural heritage. The first Zimbabwean marimba as we know them today, was first built by Nelson Jones in 1962, at the Kwanongoma College of African Music. However, the wood used was too soft. The following year, Josiah Siyembe Mathe introduced a Lozi instrument called Selimba, common in the southwest of Zambia. The original Selimba was an 11-key instrument. Mathe improved on the Selimba design by making marimbas in soprano, baritone, tenor, and bass tones, using Mukwa wood for the keys. Michael Bhule then built the first set of Kwanongoma marimba as we know them today, using the Mathe designs. Alport Mhlanga composed the first repertoire for the instrument many of which is still commonly played in ensembles known as marimba bands today.
According to Kelvin Chikumbirike a Marimba maker, "Some key characteristics of traditional Zimbabwean marimba construction include:
- Soprano marimbas have 17 keys spanning 2 octaves
- Tenor, baritone and bass marimbas make up the full ensemble range
- Mukwa wood keys produce a charred or burnt appearance through controlled burning. This is done by marimba makers as a form of branding.
- Notes are sometimes written directly on the wooden keys, using makers or writing with paint.
- Resonators are positioned underneath each key
Playing Technique:
Marimba is typically played standing with the instrument resting on a steel stand. Mallets made of rubber, wood or plastic are used to strike the keys, producing resonant tones. Players utilize various stroke techniques including:
- Single vertical strikes for individual notes
- Double vertical strikes for accented notes
- Cross-hand techniques between both mallets for rhythmic patterns
- Improvisation within traditional musical structures and genres
Ensembles coordinate these techniques across multiple marimbas, creating intricate polyrhythms and countermelodies. Solo performers also demonstrate complex mastery of stroke techniques and rhythmic variations. The vibrant sounds of Zimbabwean marimba music continue to captivate audiences around the world through both traditional and contemporary applications of this culturally significant instrument.
In the 1960s, the marimba found its way into Zimbabwe's schools and colleges, marking a pivotal moment in the instrument's history. This introduction sparked a transformative shift, leading to the emergence of a new style of marimba music that blended traditional African elements with Western harmonies and rhythms. The fusion of these diverse musical influences birthed a captivating and unique sound that resonated with both local and international audiences.
Kwanongoma College of African Music: A Beacon of Marimba Education:
One institution that played a crucial role in the development and preservation of marimba music in Zimbabwe is the Kwanongoma College of African Music.The introduction of the marimba into Zimbabwe's education system in the 1960s marked a pivotal moment that sparked its widespread popularization. This integration blended traditional African musical elements with Western harmonies and rhythms, birthing a unique fusion sound. However according to Othnell Mangoma Moyo a traditional music artist and ethnomusicologist, "lt also diluted indigenous musical traditions as local instruments like the Valimba, Dilimba and Mbilamutondo were gradually phased out. If not for potential colonial agendas to erase African culture, these traditional marimbas may have continued evolving independently".
Cultural Significance and Contemporary Applications:
The marimba holds profound cultural significance in Zimbabwe, extending far beyond its educational value. It serves as a powerful symbol of national pride and plays a pivotal role in various social and celebratory events. From weddings to festivals and community gatherings, the enchanting melodies of the marimba infuse these occasions with a profound sense of joy, unity, and cultural identity. One notable testament to the marimba's enduring legacy is that Zimbabwe, holds the Guinness book of records title for the biggest Marimba Ensemble, with 200 participants from 40 schools. A true testament of how widespread the use of Marimba is in the country.
Looking ahead, the future of the marimba in Zimbabwe is promising and filled with potential. As the country continues to embrace its cultural heritage, the marimba is poised to play an even more significant role in shaping the artistic landscape. With ongoing efforts to preserve and celebrate Zimbabwean marimba music, the instrument is likely to gain further recognition both locally and internationally. Moreover, the marimba's versatility and adaptability make it well-suited for contemporary applications. As musicians explore new genres and experiment with fusion, the marimba's distinctive sound can be seamlessly integrated into modern compositions, adding a unique and captivating element. This fusion of traditional and contemporary styles not only breathes new life into the marimba but also expands its reach to diverse audiences, ensuring its relevance and longevity for generations to come.
The marimba's journey through Zimbabwe's history is a testament to its enduring appeal and cultural significance. From its humble beginnings as a traditional instrument to its integration into the education system and contemporary music scene, the marimba has evolved and thrived. Through the efforts of institutions like Kwanongoma College of African Music, the College of Music, Midlands State University, and many other educational institutions, and the talent of musicians such as Othnell Mangoma Moyo, Kelvin Chikumbirike and the Chinyakare Marimba Band, the marimba continues to captivate audiences, preserving Zimbabwean musical traditions while embracing new artistic expressions. As the resonant tones of the marimba continue to echo through Zimbabwe's cultural landscape, they serve as a reminder of the instrument's enduring legacy and its ability to bridge cultures and captivate hearts.
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